In einem Artikel werden insbesondere in Bezug auf Putin und Trump eine Propagandataktik dargestellt, die darauf beruhen soll, dass man die andere Seite mit falschen Informationen quasi überschwemmt und dadurch dazu bringt diese Angaben zu glauben.
Es zeigt aus meiner Sicht auch gut, warum Echokammern ganz hervorragend funktionieren.
Aus dem Artikel:
Experimental research shows that, to achieve success in
disseminating propaganda, the variety of sources matters:
- Multiple sources are more persuasive than a single source,
especially if those sources contain different arguments that
point to the same conclusion.
- Receiving the same or similar message from multiple sources
is more persuasive.
- People assume that information from multiple sources is likely to be based on different perspectives and is thus worth greater consideration
The number and volume of sources also matter:
- Endorsement by a large number of users boosts consumer
trust, reliance, and confidence in the information, often with
little attention paid to the credibility of those making the
endorsements.
- When consumer interest is low, the persuasiveness of a message can depend more on the number of arguments supporting it than on the quality of those arguments.
Finally, the views of others matter, especially if the message
comes from a source that shares characteristics with the recipient:
- Communications from groups to which the recipient belongs
are more likely to be perceived as credible. The same applies
when the source is perceived as similar to the recipient. If a
propaganda channel is (or purports to be) from a group the
recipient identifies with, it is more likely to be persuasive.
- Credibility can be social; that is, people are more likely to
perceive a source as credible if others perceive the source as
credible. This effect is even stronger when there is not enough
information available to assess the trustworthiness of the
source.
- When information volume is low, recipients tend to favor
experts, but when information volume is high, recipients tend
to favor information from other users.
- In online forums, comments attacking a proponent’s expertise
or trustworthiness diminish credibility and decrease the
likelihood that readers will take action based on what they
have read.
Also um so mehr verschiedene Richtungen eine Information bestätigen, um so mehr Personen eine Information vertreten, um so mehr man ansonsten mit der Quelle übereinstimmt um so eher nimmt man an, dass es stimmt.
Furthermore, repetition leads to familiarity, and familiarity leads to acceptance:
- Repeated exposure to a statement has been shown to increase its acceptance as true.
- The “illusory truth effect” is well documented, whereby
people rate statements as more truthful, valid, and believable
when they have encountered those statements previously than when they are new statements.
- When people are less interested in a topic, they are more
likely to accept familiarity brought about by repetition as an
indicator that the information (repeated to the point of familiarity) is correct.
- When processing information, consumers may save time and
energy by using a frequency heuristic, that is, favoring information they have heard more frequently.
- Even with preposterous stories and urban legends, those who
have heard them multiple times are more likely to believe that
they are true.
- If an individual is already familiar with an argument or claim
(has seen it before, for example), they process it less carefully,
often failing to discriminate weak arguments from strong
arguments
Und weiter:
- In a phenomenon known as the “sleeper effect,” lowcredibility
sources manifest greater persuasive impact with the passage of time. While people make initial assessments of the credibility of a source, in remembering, information is often dissociated from its source. Thus, information from a questionable source may be remembered as true, with the source forgotten.
- Information that is initially assumed valid but is later
retracted or proven false can continue to shape people’s
memory and influence their reasoning.
- Even when people are aware that some sources (such as political campaign rhetoric) have the potential to contain misinformation, they still show a poor ability to discriminate between information that is false and information that is correct.
Und auch eine Vertrautheit mit der Angabe und Gruppenidentitäten können einen großen Effekt haben:
Familiar themes or messages can be appealing even if these themes and messages are false. Information that connects with group identities or familiar narratives—or that arouses emotion— can be particularly persuasive. The literature describes the effects of this approach:
- Someone is more likely to accept information when it is consistent with other messages that the person believes to be
true.
- People suffer from “confirmation bias”: They view news and
opinions that confirm existing beliefs as more credible than
other news and opinions, regardless of the quality of the
arguments.
- Someone who is already misinformed (that is, believes something that is not true) is less likely to accept evidence that
goes against those misinformed beliefs.
- People whose peer group is affected by an event are much
more likely to accept conspiracy theories about that event.
- Stories or accounts that create emotional arousal in the recipient (e.g., disgust, fear, happiness) are much more likely to be passed on, whether they are true or not.
- Angry messages are more persuasive to angry audiences.22
Teilweise muss man nur irgendwie etwas an Beweis haben:
False statements are more likely to be accepted if backed by
evidence, even if that evidence is false:
- The presence of evidence can override the effects of source
credibility on perceived veracity of statements.
- In courtroom simulations, witnesses who provide more
details—even trivial details—are judged to be more
credible.23
Und auch entferntere Hinweise können Glaubwürdigkeit verleihen:
Findings from the field of psychology show how peripheral cues can increase the credibility of propaganda:
- Peripheral cues, such as the appearance of expertise or the
format of information, lead people to accept—with little reflection—that the information comes from a credible
source.
- Expertise and trustworthiness are the two primary dimensions
of credibility, and these qualities may be evaluated based on visual cues, such as format, appearance, or simple claims of expertise.
- Online news sites are perceived as more credible than other
online formats, regardless of the veracity of the content.
Ich finde diese Darstellung interessant, weil sie viele dazu enthält, wie Leute Informationen wahrnehmen und bewerten.
Vieles davon scheint mir auch dem Feminismus stark in die Hände zu spielen, weil die Botschaft der Benachteiligung der Frau eine sehr starke Geschichte hat, auf der sie aufbauen kann und weil diese immer wieder wiederholt wird, auch wenn sie falsch ist, wie etwa der Gender Pay Gap und die Diskriminierung der Frauen beim Lohn.
Auch der Umstand, dass es Frauen nicht wirklich betrifft (die meisten Frauen werden davon ausgehen, dass Frauen an sich schlechter bezahlt sind, aber nicht unbedingt sie, zB im öffentlichen Dienst oder eben in einem anderen Job, in dem sie wissen, das ihre Kolleginnen oder Kollegen auch nicht besser bezahlt werden.
Auch Punkte wie eine oberflächliche Begründung passen dort: Männer sind eben in allen Führungspositonen, natürlich haben sie dann die Macht.
Ich finde es insofern interessant die Geschlechterdiskussionen danach mal zu betrachten.
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