Eine Forscherin hat einige interessante Studien zum Wechselmodell bzw zu aus deutscher Sicht erweiterten Umgang gemacht:
Is joint physical custody (JPC) linked to any better or worse outcomes for children than sole physical custody (SPC) after considering family income and parental conflict? In the 60 studies published in English in academic journals or in government reports, 34 studies found that JPC children had
better outcomes on all of the measures of behavioral, emotional, physical, and academic well-being and relationships with parents and grandparents. In 14 studies, JPC children had equal outcomes on some measures and better outcomes on others compared to SPC children. In 6 studies JPC and SPC children were equal on all measures. In 6 studies, JPC children were worse on one of the measures than SPC children, but equal or better on all other measures. In the 25 studies that considered family income, JPC children had better outcomes on all measures in 18 studies, equal to better outcomes in 4 studies, equal outcomes in 1 study, and worse outcomes on one measure but equal or better outcomes on other measures in2 studies. In the 19 studies that included parental conflict, JPC children had better outcomes on all measures in 9 studies,
equal to better outcomes in 5 studies, equal outcomes in 2 studies, and worse outcomes on one measure but equal or better outcomes on other measures in 3 studies. In sum, independent of family income or parental conflict, JPC is generally linked to better outcomes for children.Quelle: Joint versus sole physical custody: Outcomes for children
independent of family income or parental conflict
This article addresses 4 questions: First, how much weight should be given to parental conflict and the quality of the coparenting relationship in determining parenting time—specifically with respect to children’s living at least 35% time with each parent in joint physical custody? Second, to what extent are low conflict and cooperative coparenting connected to better outcomes for children? Third, to what degree are children’s outcomes linked to whether their parents take their custody disputes to court or have high legal conflict? Fourth, is joint physical custody associated with worse outcomes than sole physical custody for children whose parents have a conflicted, uncooperative coparenting relationship? Recent research does not support the idea that conflict—including high legal conflict—should rule out joint physical custody as the arrangement that best serves children’s interests. Parents with joint physical custody do not generally have significantly less conflict or more cooperative relationships than parents with sole physical custody. Conflict and poor coparenting are not linked to worse outcomes for children in joint physical custody than in sole physical custody. The quality of the parent–child relationship is a better predictor than conflict of children’s outcomes, with the exception of the most extreme forms of conflict to which some children are exposed. While continuing our efforts to improve parents’ relationships with one another, we should become more invested in helping both parents maintain and strengthen their relationships with their children.
Quelle: Re-examining the research on parental conflict, coparenting, and custody arrangements.
One of the most complex and compelling issues confronting policymakers, parents, and professionals involved in making custody decisions is this: What type of parenting plan is most beneficial for the children after their parents separate? More specifically, are the outcomes any better or worse for children who live with each parent at least 35% of the time compared to children who live primarily with their mother and spend less than 35% of the time living with their father? This article addresses this question by summarizing the 40 studies that have compared children in these two types of families during the past 25 years. Overall the children in shared parenting families had better outcomes on measures of emotional, behavioral, and psychological well-being, as well as better physical health and better relationships with their fathers and their mothers, benefits that remained even when there were high levels of conflict between their parents.
Quelle: Shared Physical Custody: Summary of 40 Studies on Outcomes for Children
Wie man sieht sind es Studien, die nicht stets auf einen 50/50 Ansatz abstellen, sondern auch 35% zu 65% mit aufgenommen haben. Das wäre aber auch mehr als die typischen „alle zwei Wochen ein Wochenende“ im deutschen Recht.
Hier aus einem Bericht der Forscherin zu ihrer Studie, in dem sie zehn Punkte dazu festhält:
1. In the 54 studies—absent situations in which children needed protection from an abusive or negligent parent even before their parents separated—children in shared-parenting families had better outcomes than children in sole physical custody families. The measures of well-being included: academic achievement, emotional health (anxiety, depression, self-esteem, life satisfaction), behavioral problems (delinquency, school misbehavior, bullying, drugs, alcohol, smoking), physical health and stress-related illnesses, and relationships with parents, stepparents, and grandparents.
2. Infants and toddlers in JPC families have no worse outcomes than those in SPC families. Sharing overnight parenting time does not weaken young children’s bonds with either parent.
3. When the level of parental conflict was factored in, JPC children still had better outcomes across multiple measures of well-being. High conflict did not override the benefits linked to shared parenting, so JPC children’s better outcomes cannot be attributed to lower parental conflict.
4. Even when family income was factored in, JPC children still had better outcomes. Moreover, JPC parents were not significantly richer than SPC parents.
5. JPC parents generally did not have better co-parenting relationships or significantly less conflict than SPC parents. The benefits linked to JPC cannot be attributed to better co-parenting or to lower conflict.
6. Most JPC parents do not mutually or voluntarily agree to the plan at the outset. In the majority of cases, one parent initially opposed the plan and compromised as a result of legal negotiations, mediation, or court orders. Yet in these studies, JPC children still had better outcomes than SPC children.
7. When children are exposed to high, ongoing conflict between their parents, including physical conflict, they do not have any worse outcomes in JPC than in SPC families. Being involved in high, ongoing conflict is no more damaging to children in JPC than in SPC families.
8. Maintaining strong relationships with both parents by living in JPC families appears to offset the damage of high parental conflict and poor co-parenting. Although JPC does not eliminate the negative impact of frequently being caught in the middle of high, ongoing conflict between divorced parents, it does appear to reduce children’s stress, anxiety, and depression.
9. JPC parents are more likely to have detached, distant, and “parallel” parenting relationships than to have “co-parenting” relationships where they work closely together, communicate often, interact regularly, coordinate household rules and routines, or try to parent with the same parenting style.
10. No study has shown that children whose parents are in high legal conflict or who take their custody dispute to court have worse outcomes than children whose parents have less legal conflict and no custody hearing.
und einmal durch deepl gejagt:
1. In den 54 Studien – ohne Situationen, in denen Kinder bereits vor der Trennung ihrer Eltern Schutz vor einem misshandelnden oder vernachlässigenden Elternteil benötigten – schnitten Kinder in Familien mit gemeinsamen Elternteilen besser ab als Kinder in Familien mit alleinigem Sorgerecht. Zu den Messgrößen für das Wohlbefinden gehörten: schulische Leistungen, emotionale Gesundheit (Angst, Depression, Selbstwertgefühl, Lebenszufriedenheit), Verhaltensprobleme (Straffälligkeit, Fehlverhalten in der Schule, Mobbing, Drogen, Alkohol, Rauchen), körperliche Gesundheit und stressbedingte Krankheiten sowie die Beziehungen zu Eltern, Stiefeltern und Großeltern.
2. Säuglinge und Kleinkinder in JPC-Familien haben keine schlechteren Ergebnisse als solche in SPC-Familien. Die gemeinsame Elternzeit über Nacht schwächt die Bindung der Kleinkinder an beide Elternteile nicht.
3. Wenn das Ausmaß des elterlichen Konflikts berücksichtigt wurde, wiesen JPC-Kinder immer noch bessere Ergebnisse bei mehreren Messgrößen des Wohlbefindens auf. Der hohe Konfliktanteil konnte die Vorteile der gemeinsamen Elternschaft nicht aufheben, so dass die besseren Ergebnisse der GFS-Kinder nicht auf die geringeren elterlichen Konflikte zurückgeführt werden können.
4. Selbst wenn das Familieneinkommen berücksichtigt wurde, hatten JPC-Kinder immer noch bessere Ergebnisse. Außerdem waren JPC-Eltern nicht signifikant reicher als SPC-Eltern.
5. JPC-Eltern hatten im Allgemeinen keine besseren Beziehungen zwischen den Eltern oder deutlich weniger Konflikte als SPC-Eltern. Die mit JPC verbundenen Vorteile können nicht auf eine bessere gemeinsame Elternschaft oder weniger Konflikte zurückgeführt werden.
6. Die meisten GFS-Eltern stimmen dem Plan nicht von Anfang an gegenseitig oder freiwillig zu. In den meisten Fällen lehnte ein Elternteil den Plan zunächst ab und schloss dann einen Kompromiss im Rahmen von Gerichtsverhandlungen, Mediation oder gerichtlichen Anordnungen. In diesen Studien erzielten JPC-Kinder dennoch bessere Ergebnisse als SPC-Kinder.
7. Wenn Kinder hohen, andauernden Konflikten zwischen ihren Eltern ausgesetzt sind, einschließlich physischer Konflikte, haben sie in JPC-Familien keine schlechteren Ergebnisse als in SPC-Familien. Ein hoher, andauernder Konflikt ist für Kinder in JPC-Familien nicht schädlicher als in SPC-Familien.
8. Die Aufrechterhaltung starker Beziehungen zu beiden Elternteilen durch das Leben in JPC-Familien scheint den Schaden von hohen elterlichen Konflikten und schlechtem Co-Elternsein auszugleichen. Obwohl die GFS die negativen Auswirkungen der häufigen Konflikte zwischen geschiedenen Eltern nicht beseitigt, scheint sie den Stress, die Ängste und die Depressionen der Kinder zu verringern.
9. JPC-Eltern haben eher getrennte, distanzierte und „parallele“ Elternbeziehungen als „Co-Parenting“-Beziehungen, in denen sie eng zusammenarbeiten, häufig kommunizieren, regelmäßig interagieren, Haushaltsregeln und -routinen koordinieren oder versuchen, mit demselben Erziehungsstil zu erziehen.
10. Keine Studie hat gezeigt, dass Kinder, deren Eltern sich in einem starken Rechtskonflikt befinden oder die ihren Sorgerechtsstreit vor Gericht austragen, schlechtere Ergebnisse erzielen als Kinder, deren Eltern weniger Rechtskonflikte haben und die keine Sorgerechtsverhandlung haben.
Übersetzt mit http://www.DeepL.com/Translator (kostenlose Version)
Alles Evolution 