Tag: 7. Dezember 2015
Liebe als Sucht bzw. Sucht als Liebe und das Liebesleben von Wühlmäusen
Ich habe das sehr interessante Buch „The Chemistry between us“ gelesen, welches ich empfehlen kann. Es werden einige sehr interessante Punkte dargestellt, sowohl zur Forschung von Geschlechterunterschieden als auch insbesondere dazu, wie wir Lieben und wie sich Bindung entwickelt.
Es sind interessante Punkte in dem Buch enthalten, zu denen man dutzende Artikel schreiben könnte. Ich fange mal mit einem an, der auch in dieser Kurzzusammenfassung hier dargestellt wird:
Young has devoted his career to studying the behaviors and neural circuitry of love in the prairie vole, a rodent whose monogamous tendencies resemble our own. Once a prairie vole has found “the one,” the pair will most likely remain companions for life. Young’s research has implicated a range of chemical activities—mainly during sex—that build this lifelong bond. In particular, he uncovered how two hormones in the brain, vasopressin in male voles and oxytocin in female voles, regulate social behavior and memory—promoting the recognition of a loved one and the urge to cuddle or defend. In addition, the circulation of dopamine and opioids allows the vole to associate his or her partner with pleasure, thus strengthening their bond. Many of these molecules are identical to those activated in human bonding.
Interessant ist daran, dass es zwei Arten von Voles (Wühlmäuse) gibt, die eine ist monogam, die andere nicht. Der Wesentliche Unterschied ist wohl eben der, dass bei dem einen über Vasopressin und Oxytocin eine Bindung erfolgt und bei dem anderen nicht. Der Unterschied zwischen den beiden Arten ist relativ gering, die Unterschiede im Verhalten aber enorm.
Young führt dann verschiedene Tests auf, die nahelegen, dass die gleichen Mechanismen eben auch beim Menschen wirken.
That loving feeling comes at a price. A hormone called corticotropin-releasing factor, or CRF, builds up in the brains of paramours and parents alike. The CRF system activates a stress response, and this system elicits the painful sensations you feel when your baby cries or your boyfriend dumps you. The system may seem like a nasty trick, but it has its uses. Even when passion fades or a diaper needs changing, the sharp pangs of the CRF system keep families and loved ones together. The CRF system also contributes to the agony an addict feels after the elation wears off. Thus, the authors argue, the highs of intimacy and withdrawals of separation parallel the highs and lows that drug addicts experience.
Wenn ich mich recht erinnere, dann stellt der Autor es so dar, dass die erste Liebe (oder der erste Kick bei einer Droge) oft noch tatsächliches Glück ist, weil man in Oxytocin gebadet ist und andere glücklichmachende Hormone ausgeschüttet werden. Das bewirkt eine Bindung. Wie bei vielen positiven Reizen wird diese Ausschüttung von reinen Glückshormonen aber mit der „Gewöhnung“ an den Partner immer geringer. Es greift dann ein anderes System: Wenn man das, was einen bisher glücklich gemacht hat, nicht mehr hat, dann baut sich das oben genannte Stresshormon auf und dieser lässt dann nach, wenn man den „Reiz“ wieder ausgesetzt ist. Das bewirkt dann den Trennungsschmerz und kann in bestimmten Fällen zu einem „ich kann nicht mit ihr und ich kann nicht ohne sie“ führen: Wenn sie da ist hat man dann eben „Belohnungseffekt“ mehr, weil dieser zu abgestumpft ist, ist sie aber weg, dann stellt sich der Trennungsschmerz ein.
Ähnlich ist es wohl auch bei Drogennutzern, die eine Droge eben wie eine Liebe empfinden: Am Anfang ist es pures Glück, dann brauchen sie eine immer höhere Dosis und schließlich ist es schlicht der „Trennungsschmerz“ der bekämpft wird und man hält es nicht mehr aus und will diesen beseitigen. Hat man ihn beseitigt, dann meint man vielleicht jederzeit aufhören zu können, aber dann treten wieder die Entzugserscheinungen auf.
Hier eine andere Besprechung des Buches in der man auch sieht, wie sich dieser „Liebesentzug“ auswirkt:
To investigate the rodent version of getting hugs, and what happens in the absence of hugs from a bonded partner, Bosch took virgin males and set them up in vole apartments with roommates—either a brother they hadn’t seen in a long time or an unfamiliar virgin female. As males and females are wont to do, the boy-girl roommates mated and formed a bond. After five days, he split up half the brother pairs, and half the male-female pairs, creating what amounted to involuntary vole divorce. Then he put the voles through a series of behavioral tests.
The first is called the forced-swim test. Bosch likens it to an old Bavarian proverb about two mice who fall into a bucket of milk. One mouse does nothing and drowns. The other tries to swim so furiously the milk turns into butter and the mouse escapes. Paddling is typically what rodents will do if they find themselves in water; they’ll swim like crazy because they think they’ll drown if they don’t. (Actually, they’ll float but apparently no rodent floaters have ever returned to fill in the rest of the tribe.)
The voles that were separated from their brothers paddled manically. So did the voles who stayed with their brothers and the voles who stayed with their female mates. Only the males who’d gone through vole divorce floated listlessly as if they didn’t care whether they drowned.
„It was amazing,“ Bosch recalls. „For minutes, they would just float. You can watch the video and without knowing which group they were in, you can easily tell if it’s an animal separated from their partner, or still with their partner.“ Watching the videos of them bob limply, it’s easy to imagine them moaning out „Ain’t No Sunshine When She’s Gone“ with their tiny vole voices.
Die armen Wühlmäuse.
Man stelle es sich mit ihm an der Gitarre vor:

Prairie vole (Prärie Wühlmaus) (ein Bild mit Gitarre war nicht zu finden, aber er schaut immerhin traurig)
Das Leben von Laborwühlmäsuen ist allerdings auch so hart:
Next Bosch subjected the voles to a tail-suspension test. This test uses the highly sophisticated technique of duct taping the end of an animal’s tail to a stick and suspending it. As in the swim test, a rodent thus suspended will usually flail and spin his legs like a cartoon character who’s run off the edge of a cliff. Once again, though, while the other males did just that, the divorced males hung like wet laundry.
In a final behavior test, Bosch placed the voles on an elevated maze, like the ones we’ve already described that tested anxiety. On such a maze, the animal’s desire to investigate fights with its fear of exposed areas. Compared to the other voles, the divorced males were significantly less likely to explore the open arms of the maze.
All these tests, commonly used to test lab animals for depression, showed that if you separate a pair-bonded male vole from his mate, you’ll get a very mopey vole who uses what’s called passive-stress coping to deal with the overwhelming anxiety of partner loss. „When the separation takes place, this is what causes the animals to feel so bad,“ Bosch explains. „We found this increased depressive behavior and that tells us the animal is not feeling well.“ He doesn’t mean „under the weather,“ he means the divorced voles are emotionally miserable. „It is like when my wife went to the States for a post-doc for one year, so I knew I wouldn’t see her for at least six months. Well, I was sitting at home, laying on the couch, not motivated to do anything, not to go out and meet friends like I usually would.“
Es ist interessant, dass wir hier den Tieren ganz ähnlich sind und das in beiden Fällen bestimmte Chemikalien am Werk sind, ohne die wir uns nicht auf diese Weise verhalten würden (wie die andere Art von Voles zeigt, die nicht monogam ist).
Dann wurde versucht, die Wirkung mit Drogen nachzustellen:
Koob and others have used drugs to create the very same behavior in other lab animals. When the drugs are taken away from rats and mice, they display the same passive responses to elevated mazes. They withdraw socially. They mope. Human addicts do the same, Koob points out, mentioning characters in movies like Leaving Las Vegas and Trainspotting as examples. To explain the physiology behind this passive depression state in the separated voles, Bosch checked their chemistry. The males separated from their mates had much higher levels of corticosterone, a stress chemical, in their blood than did any of the other groups, including voles separated from their brothers. Their HPA axis was working so hard, their adrenal glands weighed more. Bosch nailed CRF’s role in driving both the HPA axis overdrive and the mopey behavior by blocking CRF receptors in the voles‘ brains. When he did, the divorced voles no longer hung limply from the sticks. They didn’t float for as long in the water. They still remembered their mates, and were still bonded to them; they just didn’t worry about it when they left them.
Das finde ich recht eindrucksvoll: Wenn bestimmte Rezeptoren blockiert sind, dann gab es keinen Liebeskummer mehr. Was die „Macht“ biologischer Systeme aus meiner Sicht gut darlegt. Theoretisch könnte man dies sicherlich auch bei Menschen machen, aber entsprechende Tests wären unethisch. Ich würde aber vermuten, dass es Menschen mit einer geringeren Ausschüttung an Stresshormonen oder schwächeren Rezeptoren gibt, die dann eben eher auf „Short Time Mating“ setzen und nicht sehr anfällig für Liebeskummer sind. Ich vermute, dass sie dann eben auch ein anderes Verhalten zeigen.
But here’s the strange thing: both the voles who stayed with their female mates and the voles who were forced to split from the females had much more CRF in the BNST than did males who lived with, or were separated from, their brothers. In other words, loads of this stress-related hormone were being pumped in both the voles who got depressed after separation and voles who were still happily bonded and didn’t show signs of passive-stress coping.
„Bonding itself produces high CRF,“ Bosch says. „But this does not mean the system is also firing.“ There is something fundamental about living with a mate that results in more CRF stress hormone in the brain, but that also prevents the engagement of the HPA stress axis as long as the mates stay together. Using an interesting metaphor for bonding, Bosch says „I compare it to a rifle. As soon as they form a pair-bond, the rifle is loaded with a bullet. But the trigger isn’t pulled unless there is separation.“ He thinks that vasopressin serves as the chemical trigger to fire off the HPA axis during separation, though the exact roles of both oxytocin and vasopressin are still unclear.
Addicted drug users load the rifle, too. The gun won’t fire unless they stop taking the drug. For the bonded voles, „it won’t fire unless the partner leaves the nest,“ Bosch says.